LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM RECKONING WITH HISTORY: SOVEREIGN DEMOCRACY VERSUS LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
by Enrico Graziani
pp. 163-174 23 (12,1) – January-June 2025 ISSN (online): 2539/2239 ISSN (print): 2389-8232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14718/SoftPower.2025.12.1.8
Abstract
This paper examines the main characteristics of the suverennaja demokracija (sovereign democracy) as theorized by Vladislav Jur’evič Surkov and by Alexander Gel’evič Dugin. Through textual analysis, the prerogatives of this model, which places itself in antithesis to liberalism, communism, and fascism, will be highlighted as a fourth political theory. The suverennaja demokracija assumes the character of a praxeology that elaborates maxims for human action and formulates predictions on the basis of experience, becoming an “ideology for the future” that does not allow any external ideological loans or contamination, and that posits itself in opposition to globalization and to those hegemonies that have generated forms of mass surveillance. As such, it is founded on deglobalization and on re-sovereignization, configuring itself as a democratura that destabilizes the rule of law.